Sunday 13 October 2019

How do I hear from God?

Question: "How do I hear from God?"

Answer: 
Every Christian has probably wondered at one time or another, “How do I hear from God?” The question is natural because we want to know what God has in store for us, and we are eager to please our heavenly Father. The range of answers, however, has caused much confusion and controversy. We need to be biblical when we answer the question how can I hear from God?

The Bible tells us how we hear from God: “Long ago, at many times and in many ways, God spoke to our fathers by the prophets, but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world” (Hebrews 1:1–2, ESV).

Before the Incarnation of God the Son, God spoke through the prophets. We heard from God through men such as Moses, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Micah, Malachi, and the other prophets. They relayed messages from God, and often their words were written down and preserved so we would always know His promises, His law, and His redemptive plans.

There were times when God spoke directly to people. Abraham and Joshua, for example, conversed with God directly at times (Genesis 12:117:1Joshua 5:13–15). Others, such as Jacob, heard from God through dreams (Genesis 28:12–13). Ezekiel saw visions (Ezekiel 1:1). Saul began to hear from God and spoke for Him when “the Spirit of God came powerfully upon him” (1 Samuel 10:10).

But, in most cases, people did not hear from God directly; rather, they were responsible to read God’s written Word or seek out God’s chosen mouthpiece. On at least two occasions, King Jehoshaphat asked to hear from a prophet of God (1 Kings 22:72 Kings 3:11). Ben-Hadad, king of Aram, sought to hear from God through the prophet Elisha (2 Kings 8:7–8). Isaiah told the people of Judah they had a responsibility to “consult God’s instruction and the testimony of warning” (Isaiah 8:20); that is, they were to read written Word of God already delivered to them.

With the birth of Jesus, things changed. John the Baptist was the last of the Old Testament prophets. Through the ministry of Jesus, God spoke directly to us. Jesus’ teachings in the Sermon on the Mount, the Sermon on the Plain, and the Olivet Discourse; and His pronouncements of being the Bread of Life, the True Vine, and the Good Shepherd are God’s direct revelation of who He is. Jesus’ words “are full of the Spirit and life” (John 6:63).

The writer to the Hebrews says, “In these last days he has spoken to us by his Son.” The “last days” are the current dispensation—the church age. Jesus Christ was the pinnacle of God’s revelation; He is the Final Word to us. In the Bible Jesus’ words are recorded for us. When Jesus ascended back into heaven, He left behind hand-picked apostles who were given the special task of recording what Jesus had said and done. Under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, these men were authorized by God to speak and record God’s words to His church so that all of the church can truly hear from God. We now hear from God through His written Word, which is the Bible.

So, basically, we hear from God by reading our Bibles and hearing it preached.

For many people who want to hear from God, hearing, “Read your Bible,” is not very satisfying. They desire a more “direct” and “personal” communication. There are many problems with such a desire, starting with the fact that neglecting or rejecting the Bible in order to seek a “new” word from God is spiritually dangerous. It is arrogant for someone to think that he is so special as to receive direct revelation from God, especially when God said in the first century that He has spoken through His Son, who is “appointed heir of all things, and through whom also he made the universe” (Hebrews 1:2). We can’t top Jesus. There are no modern-day apostles or prophets who function in the same manner as the biblical apostles and prophets.

God does speak to people today, but the means He uses always include the Bible. The Holy Spirit indwells every believer and gives gifts to them as He chooses. Some are given gifts to teach, correct, admonish, and encourage other Christians. There is no new revelation being given (see Revelation 22:18), but God has gifted people in the church to be able to speak into the lives of other Christians. Exhortation and the offering of biblical advice are important within the community of believers.

A pastor’s instruction from God’s Word is one way we hear from God today. A friend’s advice, tied to Scripture, is another way we hear from God. A directive issued by a God-ordained authority figure is another way we hear from God.

We should never neglect praying and meditating on God’s Word. As we meditate on a passage of Scripture, and we pray for God’s direction and understanding, we hear from God. When we feed daily on the Bible, the Holy Spirit points us to truths that we know are from God because they come directly from His Word. What a privilege it is to have God’s Word readily available to us!

“I meditate on your precepts
and consider your ways.
I delight in your decrees;
I will not neglect your word”
(Psalm 119:15–16)

Friday 4 October 2019

A Collection of Free GIS Related Books

A Collection of Free GIS Related Books:

Map projections: A working manual:
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395

GIS in Sustainable Urban Planning and Management : A Global Perspective:
http://oapen.org/search?identifier=1002491

GIS for Public Safety:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScIjjlbY5P8ekedECt5T8eUlnvYStLVvD_3baZjWrbVixMUyA/viewform?formkey=dHBNY1JkUGt1T0U0Qy1wTkdMOGZqQnc6MA

Essentials of Geographic Information Systems:
https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/textbooks/Essentials%20of%20Geographic%20Information%20Systems.pdf

Python Scripting for Spatial Data Processing:
https://chris35wills.github.io/papers/python_scripting_for_spatial_data_processing.pdf

Cartography - A Tool for Spatial Analysis ( Carlos Bateira) :
https://www.intechopen.com/books/cartography-a-tool-for-spatial-analysis

Nature of Geographic Information:
https://opentextbc.ca/natureofgeographicinformation/

GIS Commons: An Introductory Textbook on Geographic Information Systems:
https://giscommons.org

Application of Geographic Information Systems:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/application-of-geographic-information-systems

Google Maps API Succinctly:
https://www.syncfusion.com/ebooks/google_maps_api_succinctly

Geospatial Analysis 6th Edition, 2018:
http://www.spatialanalysisonline.com/HTML/index.html

Principles of Geographic Information Systems (GIS): an Introductory Textbook:
https://webapps.itc.utwente.nl/librarywww/papers_2009/general/PrinciplesGIS.pdf

Map projections: A working manual:
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1395

Satellite Positioning:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/satellite-positioning-methods-models-and-applications

Global Navigation Satellite Systems:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/global-navigation-satellite-systems-signal-theory-and-applications

Google Maps API Tutorial:
http://econym.org.uk/gmap/

Principles of the Global Positioning System:
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-540-principles-of-the-global-positioning-system-spring-2012/#

Map Scripting 101: An Example-Driven Guide to Building Interactive Maps:
https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=qAHb_Zn9MWsC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

ArcGIS books::

The ArcGIS Imagery Book:
https://learn.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-imagery-book/#home-overview

The ArcGIS book; 10 big ideas about applying the science of where:
https://learn.arcgis.com/en/arcgis-book/#home-overview

Essays on Geography and GIS:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/bestpractices/essays-on-geography-gis-vol7.pdf

Managing GIS 3:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/managing-gis-3.pdf

GeoLearning:
https://www.gisday.com/content/dam/esrisites/en-us/about/events/gis-day/geolearning.pdf

Crossing Borders:
https://www.gisday.com/content/dam/esrisites/en-us/about/events/gis-day/crossing-borders.pdf

Enterprise GIS:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/enterprise-gis.pdf

Return on Investment:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/return-on-investment.pdf

Geodesign: Past, Present, and Future:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/geodesign-past-present-future.pdf

ArcGIS Online in Education:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/arcgis-online-in-education.pdf

Geodesign in Practice: Designing a Better World:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/geodesign-in-practice.pdf

Farming the Future August 2013 cover photography courtesy of Derek Tickner GIS for Agriculture, Vol 2:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/farming-the-future.pdf

New Eyes on the Old World:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/new-eyes-on-the-old-world.pdf

Geomedicine:
https://www.esri.com/library/ebooks/geomedicine.pdf

125 Years of Topographic Mapping at USGS:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/bestpractices/125-years-of-topo-mapping.pdf

GIS is a Green Technology:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/bestpractices/gis-is-green.pdf

What is GIS:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/bestpractices/what-is-gis.pdf

Using GIS with GPS:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/bestpractices/using-gis-with-gps.pdf

The New Geographers:
https://www.esri.com/~/media/Files/Pdfs/library/ebooks/new-geographers.pdf,

Wednesday 18 September 2019

LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES: Background

  • The latitude of a line is its projection on the north-south meridian and is equal to the length of the line times the cosine of its bearing.
  • The departure of a line is its projection on the east-west meridian and is equal to the length of the line times the sine of its bearing.
  • The latitude is the y component of the line (also known asnorthing), and the departure is the x component of the line (also known as easting).

 



CLOSURE OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

  • The algebraic sum of all latitudes must equal zero or the difference in latitude between the initial and final control points
  • The algebraic sum of all departures must equal zero or the difference in departure between the initial and final control points
  • If the sums of latitudes and departures do not equal zero, corrections must be made.

 

DEGREE and RADIAN MEASURE

Trigonometric functions require input data to be stored in radian measure, but the field measurements are in degrees. Therefore a conversion is necessary. Remember that there are 2*pi radians in a circle.
  • To convert from degrees to radians, multiply by azimuth by pi/180
  • To convert from radians to degrees, multiply by radians by 180/pi

 


CALCULATION OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES (Using azimuths)

Station
Azimuth
Length
Latitude
Departure
A
26° 10'
285.10
+255.88
+125.72
B
104° 35'
610.45
-153.70
+590.78
C
195° 30'
720.48
-694.28
-192.54
D
358° 18'
203.00
+202.91
-6.02
E
306° 54'
647.02
+388.48
-517.41
A
MISCLOSURE
-0.71
+0.53
For example, look at the calculation of latitude for the angle from station A to station B:
With a calculator:
26° 10' = 26.16667°
26.16667° * pi/180 = 0.4566945 rad
cos(0.4566945 rad) = 0.897515
0.897515 + 285.10 ft = 255.88 ft
Or in one operation using R:
cos((26 + 10/60) * pi/180) * 285.1
[1] 255.8815
likewise for departure
sin((26 + 10/60) * pi/180) * 285.1
[1] 125.7245
or in Excel:
SIN((26 + 10/60) * PI()/180) * 285.1 = 125.7245
As you can see, setting this up in Excel is fairly straightforward. You will have a record of your measurements and any transformations of those measurements, and it will allow you to check your work easily.
ld


ADJUSTMENT OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

In order to calculate corrections for latitude and departure there is a simple formula called the Compass (or Bowditch) Rule, which is used when angles and distances are measured with the same relative accuracy. There are other methods for different measurement accuracy differentials as well, but this method is simple to implement and works well enough for our purposes.
corr
Station
Azimuth
Length
Latitude
Departure
A
+0.08
-0.06
26° 10'
285.10
+255.88
+125.72
B
+0.18
-0.13
104° 35'
610.45
-153.70
+590.78
C
+0.21
-0.15
195° 30'
720.48
-694.28
-192.54
D
+0.06
-0.05
358° 18'
203.00
+202.91
-6.02
E
+0.18
-0.14
306° 54'
647.02
+388.48
-517.41
A
TOTALS
2466.05
-0.71
+0.53
For example, look at line AB.
correction in latitude = -total latitude misclosure / traverse perimeter * length of AB = -(-0.71 / 2466.05 * 285.1) = 0.08
correction in departure = -total departure misclosure / traverse perimeter * length of AB = -(0.53 / 2466.05 * 285.1) = -0.06

Once you have calculated the correction factors, simply add these to the original latitudes and departures to get balanced latitude and departure values..
Balanced
Balanced
Station
Latitude
Departure
Latitude
Departure
A
+0.08
-0.06
+255.88
+125.72
+255.96
+125.66
B
+0.18
-0.13
-153.70
+590.78
-153.52
+590.65
C
+0.21
-0.15
-694.28
-192.54
-694.07
-192.69
D
+0.06
-0.05
+202.91
-6.02
+202.97
-6.07
E
+0.18
-0.14
+388.48
-517.41
+388.66
-517.55
A
TOTALS
-0.71
+0.53
0.00
0.00
For example, again look at line AB
original latitude AB + correction = 255.85 + 0.08 = 255.96
original departure AB + correction = 125.72 + (-0.06) = 125.66
Also make sure that your balanced latitudes and departures sum to zero, respectively.

PROCEDURE FOR TRAVERSE CALCULATIONS

TRAVERSE CALCULATIONS

PROCEDURE FOR TRAVERSE CALCULATIONS


  • Adjust angles or directions
  • Determine bearings or azimuths
  • Calculate and adjust latitudes and departures
  • Calculate rectangular coordinates

    BALANCING ANGLES OF CLOSED TRAVERSES



    An example of a calculation involving interior angles is available.

    ADJUSTING ANGLES

  • Adjustments applied to angles are independent of the size of the angle
  • Methods of adjustment:
      Make larger corrections where mistakes were most likely
      Apply an average correction to each angle
      Or a combination
  • Never make an adjustment that is smaller than the measured accuracy

    DETERMINING BEARINGS OR AZIMUTHS

  • Requires the direction of at least one line within the traverse to be known or assumed
  • For many purposes, an assumed direction is sufficient
  • A magnetic bearing of one of the lines may be measured and used as the reference for determining the other directions
  • For boundary surveys, true directions are needed

    LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

  • The latitude of a line is its projection on the north-south meridian and is equal to the length of the line times the cosine of its bearing
  • The departure of a line is its projection on the east-west meridian and is equal to the length of the line times the sine of its bearing
  • The latitude is the y component of the line and the departure is the x component of the line

    LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES



    CLOSURE OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

  • The algebraic sum of all latitudes must equal zero or the difference in latitude between the initial and final control points
  • The algebraic sum of all departures must equal zero or the difference in departure between the initial and final control points

    CALCULATION OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

    Using bearings
    StationBearingLengthLatitudeDeparture
    A
    N 26° 10'E285.10+255.88+125.72
    B
    S 75° 25'E610.45-153.70+590.78
    C
    S 15° 30'W720.48-694.28-192.54
    D
    N 1° 42'W203.00+202.91-6.02
    E
    N 53° 06'W647.02+388.48-517.41
    A
    MISCLOSURE-0.71+0.53

    CALCULATION OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

    Using azimuths
    StationAzimuthLengthLatitudeDeparture
    A
    26° 10'285.10+255.88+125.72
    B
    104° 35'610.45-153.70+590.78
    C
    195° 30'720.48-694.28-192.54
    D
    358° 18'203.00+202.91-6.02
    E
    306° 54'647.02+388.48-517.41
    A
    MISCLOSURE-0.71+0.53

    ADJUSTMENT OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

    Compass (Bowditch) Rule 

    ADJUSTMENT OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

    StationAzimuthLengthLatitudeDeparture
    A+0.08-0.06
    26° 10'285.10+255.88+125.72
    B+0.18-0.13
    104° 35'610.45-153.70+590.78
    C+0.21-0.15
    195° 30'720.48-694.28-192.54
    D+0.06-0.05
    358° 18'203.00+202.91-6.02
    E+0.18-0.14
    306° 54'647.02+388.48-517.41
    A
    TOTALS2466.05-0.71+0.53

    ADJUSTMENT OF LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES

    BalancedBalanced
    StationLatitudeDepartureLatitudeDeparture
    A+0.08-0.06
    +255.88+125.72+255.96+125.66
    B+0.18-0.13
    -153.70+590.78-153.52+590.65
    C+0.21-0.15
    -694.28-192.54-694.07-192.69
    D+0.06-0.05
    +202.91-6.02+202.97-6.07
    E+0.18-0.14
    +388.48-517.41+388.66-517.55
    A
    TOTALS-0.71+0.530.000.00

    RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

  • Rectangular X and Y coordinates of any point give its position with respect to a reference coordinate system
  • Useful for determining length and direction of lines, calculating areas, and locating points
  • You need one starting point on a traverse (which may be arbitrarily defined) to calculate the coordinates of all other points
  • A large initial coordinate is often chosen to avoid negative values, making calculations easier.

    CALCULATING X AND Y COORDINATES

    Given the X and Y coordinates of any starting point A, the X and Y coordinates of the next point B are determined by:


    COORDINATES

    BalancedBalanced
    StationLatitudeDepartureY-coordX-coord
    A10000.0010000.00
    +255.96+125.66
    B10255.9610125.66
    -153.52+590.65
    C10102.4410716.31
    -694.07-192.69
    D9408.3710523.62
    +202.97-6.07
    E9611.3410517.55
    +388.66-517.55
    A10000.0010000.00
    TOTALS0.000.00

    LINEAR MISCLOSURE

    The hypotenuse of a right triangle whose sides are the misclosure in latitude and the misclosure in departure.


    TRAVERSE PRECISION

  • The precision of a traverse is expressed as the ratio of linear misclosure divided by the traverse perimeter length.
  • expressed in reciprocal form
  • Example
      0.89 / 2466.05 = 0.00036090
      1 / 0.00036090 = 2770.8

      Precision = 1/2771
  • Sunday 8 September 2019

    CALCULATING VOLUME WITH SURFER SOFTWARE

    CALCULATING VOLUME WITH SURFER SOFTWARE
            
    1. Launch your Surfer software.                              2. Goto Grid, Select Data, select the folder where u saved your XYZ data which maybe in Excel format and press open.

    A grid report pops out which u can view and then select 🆗 and save your grid report to the folder so desired.  
                  
    3. Goto Grid again, select Volume, select the grid report file u saved before and open.

    A grid volume dialogue pops out,  select the Z constant and the Scale constant and press 🆗.                                       

    4. Your Grid Volume Computation report displays showing you the volume using different methods like
    (a).  Trapezoidal Rule
    (b)  Simpson's Rule and (3) Simpson's 3/8 Rule.
    It equally shows you the Cut and Fill area

    CREATING A PROFILE IN SURFER

    CREATING A PROFILE IN SURFER
                                      
    Note: This works with a multilayer maps especially from Surfer 12 and above.                            

    1.Select your multilayer map which u have already plotted.                   

    2.Goto Map tools, select Add to map and goto Profile.                                  

    3.Click on the map where u want the cross section line to start and double click where you want it to end.
    After double clicking on where u want it to end, your profile object is automatically created and placed below the map.                                             

    4. Select the profile object in the Contents window. Choose the appropriate surface.
    Edit the line and fill properties for the surface.                                 

    You can also assign projection or coordinate system to the surface for use in another software platform.
    Regards.
    Surveyor Honest GIS specialist

    Thursday 5 September 2019

    Resection Surveying Using Nilkon TS

    Resection Surveying Using Nilkon TS

    Using free station mode entails that u have at least 2 stations of known coordinate which u can use to do resection in other to oreint ur instrument for setting out.

    let me explain how it works.          

    Set up ur TS in a convenient point considering the 2 points u r using for resection and ensuring that the make a well-conditioned triangle.

    On ur TS after the necessary temporary adjustments and goto menu.

    Select Resection and input the coordinate of the 1st point or search the point if it's existing in the TS already. Sight the point.

    Input the coordinate of the 2nd point and sight it also. Press calculate, the TS processes the data and displays the misclosure and other data.

    If the misclosure falls within acceptable range, u can continue your work and maybe sight one those points again for check to know the disparity if any within the 2 coordinates( the previous one and the new one u got).

    Then after the resection, Goto stake out on the menu, input the coordinate of the point u want to setout.

    The TS shows u d direction to turn ur instrument and distance from where u set up. Turn to the direction until u get may 0D0m0s(though u may not get exactly 0s like this).

    Then ask ur reflector man to go to that direction and getting the rough distance as displayed on the TS. sight the point and the TS shows the distance.

    If it's negative then the reflector man should come towards u but positive away from u.

    U continue the back and forth movement until u get the actually distance or u can just measure the distance from the TS to that direction and using ur TS to confirm the distance.

    You input the next coordinate and continue the same process of turning to the direction and measuring the distance until u finish ur setting out.

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